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The aquatic ape hypothesis ( AAH), also referred to as aquatic ape theory ( AAT) and more recently the waterside model, is the idea that the ancestors of were more like in the past. The hypothesis in its present form was proposed by the in 1960 who argued that a branch of was forced by competition from life in the trees to hunt for food such as on the sea shore and that this explained many characteristics such as man's upright posture. This proposal was noticed by, a scriptwriter, who objected to the male image of the 'mighty hunter' being presented in popular works by and others. While her 1972 book The Descent of Woman was very popular with the public, it attracted no attention from scientists, who saw no way of testing assertions about soft body parts and human habits in the distant past.

Morgan removed the feminist polemic in several later books, and her ideas were discussed at a 1987 conference devoted to the idea. Her 1990 book Scars of Evolution received some favorable reviews, but the thesis was subject to scathing criticism from the anthropologist John Langdon in 1997 who characterized it as an 'umbrella hypothesis' and argued that the hypothesis is not more than simply. Though much of the relevant mainstream academic community ignored or derided the proposal, a few academics in the last 15 years have conducted research at least in part inspired by AAH.

Scientists supportive of AAH have published research that indicates that at some point in the last five million years humans became dependent on and, which are found in abundance in sea resources. Efficient function of the human brain requires these nutrients. Cyberlink Powerdirector 13 Free Download Kickasstorrents. The entirety of the 'aquatic ape' proposal remains highly controversial, and is more popular with the lay public than with scientists. Aquatic Ape Conference delegates in Valkenburg, 1987 Academics who have commented on the aquatic ape hypothesis include categorical opponents (generally members of the community of academic ) who reject almost all of the claims related to the hypothesis. Other academics have argued that the rejection of Hardy and Morgan is partially unfair given that other explanations which suffer from similar problems are not so strongly opposed. A conference devoted to the subject was held at, in 1987. Its 22 participants included academic proponents and opponents of the theory and several neutral observers headed by the anthropologist Vernon Reynolds of.

His summary at the end was: Overall, it will be clear that I do not think it would be correct to designate our early hominid ancestors as 'aquatic'. But at the same time there does seem to be evidence that not only did they take to water from time to time but that the water (and by this I mean inland lakes and rivers) was a habitat that provided enough extra food to count as an agency for selection. Silence and opposition [ ] The AAH has received little attention from mainstream anthropologists and. It is not accepted as empirically supported by the scholarly community, and has been met with significant skepticism. In a 1997 critique, anthropologist John Langdon considered the AAH under the heading of an 'umbrella hypothesis' and argued that the such a thing meant that although the idea has the appearance of being a, it actually was no more powerful an explanation than the that human evolution is not particularly guided by interaction with bodies of water. Langdon argued that however popular the idea was with the public, the 'umbrella' nature of the idea means that it cannot serve as a proper.

Langdon also objected to Morgan's blanket opposition to the ' which he took to be the 'collective discipline of paleoanthropology'. He observed that some anthropologists had regarded the idea as not worth the trouble of a rebuttal. In addition, the evidence cited by AAH proponents mostly concerned developments in anatomy and physiology, whilst paleoanthropologists rarely speculated on evolutionary development of anatomy beyond the musculoskeletal system and brain size as revealed in fossils. After a brief description of the issues under 26 different headings, he produced a summary critique of these with mainly negative judgments.

His main conclusion was that the AAH was unlikely ever to be disproved on the basis of comparative anatomy, and that the one body of data that could potentially disprove it was the fossil record. Anthropologist wrote that it is fair to categorize the AAH as because of the social factors that inform it, particularly the personality-led nature of the hypothesis and the unscientific approach of its adherents. Physical anthropologist has described the aquatic ape hypothesis as an instance of 'crank anthropology' akin to other pseudoscientific ideas in anthropology such as alien-human interbreeding and. In The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution (2013), the editor remarked on how a seafood diet can aid in the development of the human brain. He nevertheless criticized the AAH because 'it's always a problem identifying features [such as body fat and hairlessness] that humans have now and inferring that they must have had some adaptive value in the past.'

Also 'it's notoriously hard to infer habits [such as swimming] from anatomical structures'. Popular support for the AAH has become an embarrassment to some anthropologists who want to explore the effects of water on human evolution without engaging with the AAH, which they consider 'emphasizes adaptations to deep water (or at least underwater) conditions'. Foley and Lahr suggest that 'to flirt with anything watery in paleoanthropology can be misinterpreted', but argue 'there is little doubt that throughout our evolution we have made extensive use of terrestrial habitats adjacent to fresh water, since we are, like many other terrestrial mammals, a heavily water-dependent species.' But they allege that 'under pressure from the mainstream, AAH supporters tended to flee from the core arguments of Hardy and Morgan towards a more generalized emphasis on fishy things.' Positive reactions as part of broader critiques of paleoanthropology [ ] Philosopher, in his discussion of evolutionary philosophy, commented 'During the last few years, when I have found myself in the company of distinguished biologists, evolutionary theorists, paleoanthropologists and other experts, I have often asked them to tell me, please, exactly why Elaine Morgan must be wrong about the aquatic theory.

I haven’t yet had a reply worth mentioning, aside from those who admit, with a twinkle in their eyes, that they have also wondered the same thing.' He challenged both Elaine Morgan and the scientific establishment in that 'Both sides are indulging in adapt[at]ionist '. Along the same lines, historian noted that independent of Morgan's work, certain standard explanations of human development in paleoanthropology have been roundly criticized for lacking evidence while being based on sexist assumptions.

Anatomy lecturer gave Morgan's book Scars of Evolution an enthusiastic review in the in 1991, calling it 'exceptionally well written' and 'a good piece of science'. In 1995, paleoanthropologist declared that the savannah hypothesis was dead, because the open conditions did not exist when humanity's precursors stood upright and that therefore the conclusions of the Valkenberg conference were no longer valid. Tobias praised Morgan's book Scars of Evolution as a 'remarkable book' though he said that he did not agree with all of it. Tobias and his student further criticised the idea by arguing that the coming out of the forest of man's precursors had been an unexamined assumption of evolution since the days of, and followed by Darwin, and, well before Raymond Dart used it. Reactions of Hardy and Morgan [ ] Alister Hardy was astonished and mortified in 1960 when the national Sunday papers carried banner headlines 'Oxford professor says man a sea ape', causing problems with his Oxford colleagues. As he later said to his ex-pupil, 'Of course I then had to write an article to refute this saying no this is just a guess, a rough hypothesis, this isn't a proven fact. And of course we're not related to dolphins.'

Elaine Morgan's 1972 book Descent of Woman became an international best-seller, a selection in the and was translated into ten languages. Part of this was related to the growing as Morgan's work was inspired by a feminist critique of then-standard anthropological ideas. She assumed that the total lack of response to her book from the academic community was due to the fact that she was an outsider. 'The response I had not foreseen was total silence. But in respect of the aquatic theme that is what I got from them - and with few exceptions still get. That kind of silence is a virtually unbeatable strategy'.

Morgan removed the polemics and rewrote the scientific part publishing it as The Aquatic Ape ten years later, but it did not gain more acceptance from scientists. Related academic and independent research [ ] Although the general reaction to Hardy and Morgan's proposals was silence by the relevant academic community, there have been over the last decades some academics who were inspired by AAH proposals, even to the point of pursuing particular lines of research on its basis. Some of the academics and professional scientists who have supported the AAH include Michael Crawford, Professor and Director of the Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition at, his former postdoctoral researcher, Stephen Cunnane, now professor of medicine at, Erika Schagatay, professor of Environmental Physiology at, and Kathlyn M.

Stewart, Section Head of at the. Wading and bipedalism [ ] After reviewing 30 different explanations of bipedalism, evolutionary biologist proposed a 'shore dweller' hypothesis of wading, though distancing himself from the AAH. He records 10 monkey and ape species, including chimpanzees and gorillas, who have been observed wading on two feet. Niemitz's hypothesis places the wading bipedalism of hominids as occurring in the late. Other researchers, including AAH proponent Algis Kuliukas, performed experiments to measure the comparative energy used when lacking with using fully upright posture.

Although it is harder to walk upright with bent knees on land, this difference disappears in 30 centimeters of water and is still practical in thigh-high water. In a critique of the AAH, questioned any link between bipedalism and diet. Gee writes that early humans have been bipedal for 5 million years, but our ancestor's 'fondness for seafood' emerged a mere 200,000 years ago. Food sources, nutrients, and brain size [ ].

Neanderthal skull (right) compared with modern human In their 1989 book The Driving Force: Food, Evolution and The Future, Michael Crawford together with co-author David Marsh wrote about the connections they saw between nutrition and human evolution, and in particular claimed that Omega-3 fatty acids were vital for the development of the brain. 'A branch of the line of primitive ancestral apes was forced by competition to leave the trees and feed on the seashore. Searching for oysters, mussels, crabs, crayfish and so on they would have spent much of their time in the water and an upright position would have come naturally.' Crawford and Marsh argued that the norm of brain size seen in small and aquatic mammals is similar to humans and they further opine that other primates and carnivores had lost relative brain capacity (though the relationship between brain size and intelligence is not isomorphic). Reviewing their book for the New Scientist, biologists Caroline Pond and Dick Colby were highly critical, saying that the work provided 'no significant new information that would be of interest to biologists' and that its style was 'speculative, theoretical and in many places so imprecise as to be misleading.'

According to Crawford, 'the evolution of a large brain on the savannahs of Africa was impossible. The only way it could have happened was with the resources of the marine food-web which initiated the growth and development of the brain in the first place'. A group of evolutionary nutritionists and paleontologists led by Cunnane, Stewart, and Crawford published works arguing a correlation between aquatic diet and human brain evolution in their 'shore-based diet scenario', acknowledging the Hardy/Morgan's thesis as a foundation work of their model.

They describe problems in landlocked communities as being supportive of AAH, with reports of in the Alps since the 18th century and widespread in parts of Africa, which is only prevented by the addition of iodine to diets. According to Cunnane, 'Without the availability of iodized table salt, non-coastal (inland) habitats do not provide foods rich enough to meet human iodine requirements.' Evidence supports aquatic food consumption in as early as the Pliocene but its linkage to brain evolution remains controversial. What has been lacking has been the paleontological evidence that early humans consumed fish in significant amounts earlier than tens to hundreds of thousands of years ago. Part of the problem has been the avoidance of by researchers: most hominin fossils occur in marginal environments and the presence of fish remains is therefore no proof of fish consumption. Fish bones often decompose so that special tests are required to detect them.

The archaeological record of human fishing and coastal settlement is fundamentally flawed due to. Diving behavior and performance [ ] Aside from working as a professor, Schagatay is also an experienced and whose research centers around human diving abilities. She suggests that such abilities are consistent with selective pressure for underwater foraging during human evolution, and discussed other anatomical traits speculated as diving adaptations by Hardy/Morgan. John Langdon suggested that such traits could be enabled by a human.

See also [ ].